From 969bd825d71bdc6985d4209f86529680f324325a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Samuel Berthe <dev@samuel-berthe.fr>
Date: Fri, 1 May 2026 03:47:31 +0200
Subject: [PATCH] feat(golang-graphql): write full skill body with references
 and evals (#32)
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

* feat(golang-graphql): write full skill body with references and evals

Replaces the stub with a complete skill covering gqlgen (schema-first
codegen) and graph-gophers/graphql-go (schema-first reflection).

Key topics: Library choice table, N+1 DataLoader (per-request), schema
design with nullability rules, mutation envelope pattern, subscription
goroutine discipline, production safety (introspection gating, complexity
caps), error sanitization via ErrorPresenter, file uploads, Federation v2.

Reference files added:
- references/gqlgen.md — codegen workflow, gqlgen.yml, DataLoaders,
  directives, subscriptions, file uploads, Federation v2
- references/graphql-go.md — reflection model, type mapping (int32!),
  nullable pointers, DataLoaders, OTel tracing
- references/testing.md — gqlgen client harness, gqltesting patterns

Evals: 8 adversarial scenarios, 37 assertions.
Results: with=100%, without=84%, delta=+16pp (uplift driven by eval 1
N+1 DataLoader pattern: 6/6 with skill vs 1/6 without).

Most evals (2–4, 6–8) are common knowledge — future iterations should
target DataLoader wait timing, fields.resolver:true in gqlgen.yml,
Federation @key wiring, and WS subprotocol selection.

* fix(golang-graphql): address PR review comments and add adversarial evals

- SKILL.md: move pubsub.Subscribe() before goroutine in subscription example
- gqlgen.md: remove IntID override (legacy-only), fix DataLoader batch return
  type to [][]*domain.Post, add CheckOrigin allow-list example, gate
  Introspection behind ENV check
- graphql-go.md: fix OTel import to trace/otel + otel.DefaultTracer(), add
  db field to RootResolver struct, fix UnmarshalGraphQL signature to any
- evals: add 5 new adversarial evals (9-13); eval 12 (OTel tracer import)
  shows 4/4 → 0/4 uplift (model hallucinates trace/oteltracer without skill)
- README: mark golang-graphql ✅ with token counts (76/2935/7766)
- EVALUATIONS.md: update to 59 total assertions, 100% with / 83% without
---
 EVALUATIONS.md                                |   3 +-
 README.md                                     |   2 +-
 skills/golang-graphql/SKILL.md                | 253 +++++++++++++++-
 skills/golang-graphql/evals/evals.json        | 168 +++++++++++
 skills/golang-graphql/references/gqlgen.md    | 274 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../golang-graphql/references/graphql-go.md   | 255 ++++++++++++++++
 skills/golang-graphql/references/testing.md   | 180 ++++++++++++
 7 files changed, 1132 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 skills/golang-graphql/evals/evals.json
 create mode 100644 skills/golang-graphql/references/gqlgen.md
 create mode 100644 skills/golang-graphql/references/graphql-go.md
 create mode 100644 skills/golang-graphql/references/testing.md

diff --git a/EVALUATIONS.md b/EVALUATIONS.md
index cee961f..bd0a088 100644
--- a/EVALUATIONS.md
+++ b/EVALUATIONS.md
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@
 | `golang-samber-lo`              | v1.0.0  | 86         | 97%        | 57%           | +40pp     | 1.70×     |                             |
 | `golang-uber-fx`                | v1.0.0  | 21         | 100%       | **95%**       | +5pp      | 1.05×     | **Low delta, high without** |
 | `golang-uber-dig`               | v1.0.0  | 20         | 100%       | **90%**       | +10pp     | 1.11×     | **Low delta, high without** |
+| `golang-graphql`                | v0.0.2  | 59         | 100%       | **83%**       | +17pp     | 1.20×     | **Low delta, high without** |
 | `golang-samber-do`              | v1.0.0  | 53         | 100%       | 19%           | +81pp     | 5.26×     |                             |
 | **Total (38 skills)**           |         | **3242**   | **98%**    | **55%**       | **+43pp** | **1.79×** |                             |
 
@@ -4511,7 +4512,7 @@
 <details>
 <summary>Full breakdown (60 assertions)</summary>
 
-**Model:** Claude Sonnet 4.6 | **Runs:** 12 evals × 2 configs = 24 subagents | **Grading:** LLM-as-judge
+**Model:** Claude Sonnet 4.6 | **Runs:** 12 evals × 2 configs = 24 subagents | **Grading:** Human-as-judge
 
 | #    | Assertion                                                                                               | With                           | Without                        |
 | ---- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------ | ------------------------------ |
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 1061d90..1937aff 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ These skills are designed as **atomic, cross-referencing units**. A skill may re
 | Skill | Flags | Error rate gap | Description (tok) | SKILL.md (tok) | Directory (tok) |
 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
 | ❌ `golang-google-wire` |  | — | 0 | 0 | 0 |
-| ❌ `golang-graphql` |  | — | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+| ✅ `golang-graphql` |  | -16% | 76 | 2,935 | 7,766 |
 | ✅ `golang-grpc` | ⚡ | -41% | 69 | 2,149 | 4,965 |
 | ❌ `golang-spf13-cobra` |  | — | 0 | 0 | 0 |
 | ❌ `golang-spf13-viper` |  | — | 0 | 0 | 0 |
diff --git a/skills/golang-graphql/SKILL.md b/skills/golang-graphql/SKILL.md
index 739b900..fc36308 100644
--- a/skills/golang-graphql/SKILL.md
+++ b/skills/golang-graphql/SKILL.md
@@ -18,4 +18,255 @@ metadata:
 allowed-tools: Read Edit Write Glob Grep Bash(go:*) Bash(golangci-lint:*) Bash(git:*) Agent WebFetch mcp__context7__resolve-library-id mcp__context7__query-docs Bash(curl:*)
 ---
 
-(Content will be added in a future iteration)
+**Persona:** You are a Go GraphQL engineer. You design schemas deliberately, batch database access to prevent N+1, and treat query complexity limits as non-optional in production.
+
+**Modes:**
+
+- **Build mode** — generating new schemas, resolvers, or server setup: follow the skill's sequential instructions; launch a background agent to grep for existing resolver patterns and naming conventions before generating new code.
+- **Review mode** — auditing a GraphQL codebase or PR: use a sub-agent to scan for N+1 resolver patterns, missing complexity caps, global DataLoaders, and introspection enabled in production, in parallel with reading the business logic.
+
+> **Community default.** A company skill that explicitly supersedes `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-graphql` skill takes precedence.
+
+# Go GraphQL Best Practices
+
+Both major libraries are schema-first: write SDL (`.graphql` files), bind Go resolvers. Choose based on project size and team preferences.
+
+This skill is not exhaustive. Refer to each library's official documentation and code examples for current API signatures. Context7 can help as a discoverability platform.
+
+## Library Choice
+
+| Library | Approach | Type safety | Build step | Best for |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `github.com/99designs/gqlgen` | Codegen | Compile-time | `go generate` | Large schemas, federation, strict types |
+| `github.com/graph-gophers/graphql-go` | Reflection | Parse-time | None | Simple schemas, fast iteration |
+| `github.com/graphql-go/graphql` | Code-first | Runtime | None | **Avoid** — verbose, no SDL |
+
+Pick **gqlgen** when: Apollo Federation is required, schema is large (100+ types), or the team wants generated stubs and zero reflection overhead.
+
+Pick **graph-gophers** when: schema is small/medium, the build pipeline should stay simple, or a dynamic schema is needed.
+
+For deep-dive on each library, see [gqlgen reference](./references/gqlgen.md) and [graphql-go reference](./references/graphql-go.md).
+
+## Schema Design
+
+```graphql
+# ✓ Good — explicit nullability; ID scalar for opaque identifiers
+type User {
+  id: ID!
+  email: String!    # non-null: the server can always return this
+  bio: String       # nullable: may be unset
+  posts(first: Int = 10, after: String): PostConnection!
+}
+
+# ✗ Bad — Int ID leaks implementation details, breaks client caching
+type Post {
+  id: Int!
+}
+```
+
+**Nullability rule:** mark a field `!` only when the server can _always_ return a value. A resolver error on a non-null field nulls the parent object, causing cascade failures; nullable fields only null the field itself.
+
+**Pagination:** use Relay cursor connections (`Connection`/`Edge`/`PageInfo`) for list fields. Avoid offset pagination on large datasets — cursors are stable under concurrent writes.
+
+**Mutations:** wrap results in an envelope type so clients receive business errors alongside partial results without polluting the GraphQL `errors` array:
+
+```graphql
+type CreateUserPayload {
+  user: User
+  errors: [UserError!]!
+}
+```
+
+## Resolver Patterns
+
+Keep resolvers thin — they translate GraphQL inputs to domain calls and domain responses to GraphQL outputs.
+
+```go
+// ✓ Good — resolver delegates to service layer
+func (r *mutationResolver) CreateUser(ctx context.Context, input model.CreateUserInput) (*model.CreateUserPayload, error) {
+    user, err := r.userService.Create(ctx, input.Email, input.Name)
+    if err != nil {
+        return nil, formatError(err)
+    }
+    return &model.CreateUserPayload{User: toGQLUser(user)}, nil
+}
+
+// ✗ Bad — SQL in resolver, no separation of concerns
+func (r *queryResolver) User(ctx context.Context, id string) (*model.User, error) {
+    row := r.db.QueryRowContext(ctx, "SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = $1", id)
+    // ...
+}
+```
+
+Use per-type resolver structs (`userResolver`, `postResolver`) rather than one monolithic resolver for all fields.
+
+## N+1 Prevention (DataLoaders)
+
+Each `User.posts` resolver fires a SQL query per user without batching — O(n) DB calls for n users. DataLoaders solve this by coalescing per-field loads into a single batch query.
+
+**Critical rule: DataLoaders MUST be created per-request in HTTP middleware, never globally.** A global DataLoader caches across requests — stale data, potential cross-user data leakage.
+
+```go
+// ✓ Good — per-request DataLoader in middleware
+func DataLoaderMiddleware(db *sql.DB, next http.Handler) http.Handler {
+    return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+        loaders := &Loaders{
+            PostsByUserID: newPostsByUserIDLoader(r.Context(), db),
+        }
+        ctx := context.WithValue(r.Context(), loadersKey, loaders)
+        next.ServeHTTP(w, r.WithContext(ctx))
+    })
+}
+
+// ✗ Bad — global DataLoader shared across all requests
+var globalLoader = newPostsByUserIDLoader(context.Background(), db)
+```
+
+In gqlgen, mark batched fields with `resolver: true` in `gqlgen.yml` to force a dedicated resolver method. See [gqlgen reference](./references/gqlgen.md) for full DataLoader wiring.
+
+## Authentication and Authorization
+
+Two-layer model:
+
+1. **HTTP middleware** — extract and validate tokens, stash identity in `context.Context`.
+2. **Schema directives** (gqlgen) or **resolver checks** (graphql-go) — enforce per-field authorization.
+
+```go
+// HTTP middleware layer (both libraries)
+func AuthMiddleware(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
+    return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+        token := r.Header.Get("Authorization")
+        user, err := validateToken(token)
+        if err != nil {
+            http.Error(w, "Unauthorized", http.StatusUnauthorized)
+            return
+        }
+        ctx := context.WithValue(r.Context(), userKey, user)
+        next.ServeHTTP(w, r.WithContext(ctx))
+    })
+}
+```
+
+In gqlgen, use `@hasRole` schema directives for field-level authorization — authorization policy lives in the schema, not scattered across resolvers. See [gqlgen reference](./references/gqlgen.md).
+
+## Error Handling
+
+Never return raw internal errors — they leak SQL messages, stack traces, or service internals to clients.
+
+```go
+// gqlgen — custom ErrorPresenter strips internal details
+srv.SetErrorPresenter(func(ctx context.Context, err error) *gqlerror.Error {
+    var gqlErr *gqlerror.Error
+    if errors.As(err, &gqlErr) {
+        return gqlErr // already formatted
+    }
+    // log internal err here
+    return gqlerror.Errorf("internal error") // safe client message
+})
+
+// Add extension codes for client-side error handling
+return nil, &gqlerror.Error{
+    Message: "user not found",
+    Extensions: map[string]any{"code": "NOT_FOUND"},
+}
+```
+
+For graph-gophers, implement the `ResolverError` interface to attach `Extensions()`. See [graphql-go reference](./references/graphql-go.md).
+
+Use `graphql.AddError(ctx, err)` in gqlgen for non-fatal field errors where the resolver can still return partial data.
+
+For error wrapping patterns, see the `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-error-handling` skill.
+
+## Subscriptions
+
+Subscriptions use long-lived WebSocket connections. The critical discipline: **always respect context cancellation** — a leaked goroutine per disconnected client exhausts resources silently.
+
+```go
+// ✓ Good — closes channel when client disconnects
+func (r *subscriptionResolver) MessageAdded(ctx context.Context, room string) (<-chan *model.Message, error) {
+    ch := make(chan *model.Message, 1)
+    sub := r.pubsub.Subscribe(room) // subscribe once before the goroutine
+    go func() {
+        defer close(ch) // always close; signals iteration to stop
+        for {
+            select {
+            case <-ctx.Done():
+                return // client disconnected
+            case msg := <-sub:
+                ch <- msg
+            }
+        }
+    }()
+    return ch, nil
+}
+
+// ✗ Bad — goroutine leaks forever when client disconnects
+func (r *subscriptionResolver) MessageAdded(ctx context.Context, room string) (<-chan *model.Message, error) {
+    ch := make(chan *model.Message, 1)
+    go func() {
+        for msg := range r.pubsub.Subscribe(room) {
+            ch <- msg // blocks forever after client gone
+        }
+    }()
+    return ch, nil
+}
+```
+
+## Performance and Safety
+
+Production GraphQL servers require explicit limits. Without them, a single deeply nested query exhausts CPU and memory.
+
+```go
+// gqlgen — wire these into every production handler
+srv := handler.NewDefaultServer(es)
+srv.Use(extension.FixedComplexityLimit(200)) // max cost per query
+
+// Gate introspection — only in non-production environments
+if os.Getenv("ENV") != "production" {
+    srv.Use(extension.Introspection{})
+}
+```
+
+For graph-gophers: `graphql.MaxDepth(10)` and `graphql.MaxParallelism(10)` options at `ParseSchema` time.
+
+**Query allow-listing:** in production, consider persisted queries (gqlgen APQ extension) to reject arbitrary query strings.
+
+## Common Mistakes
+
+| Mistake | Why it matters | Fix |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| N+1 queries in child resolvers | One SQL per parent row → O(n) DB calls | Use per-request DataLoader |
+| Global DataLoader | Cross-request cache — stale data, data leaks | Create DataLoader in request middleware |
+| Editing `models_gen.go` directly | Next `go generate` wipes hand edits | Use `autobind` or `models.<T>.model` in `gqlgen.yml` |
+| Forgetting `go generate` after schema change | Resolver interface mismatch at compile time | Re-run `go run github.com/99designs/gqlgen generate` |
+| `int` field in graph-gophers resolver | Library requires `int32` for `Int` scalar | Use `int32` (or `float64` for `Float`) |
+| Introspection enabled in production | Exposes full schema to attackers | Gate with `ENV` check |
+| No complexity cap | Deeply nested query → CPU/memory DoS | `extension.FixedComplexityLimit(N)` |
+| Leaking DB errors from resolvers | Exposes SQL internals to clients | Wrap in `ErrorPresenter` / `ResolverError` |
+| Subscription goroutine leak | Client disconnect → goroutine runs forever | `defer close(ch)` + `select ctx.Done()` |
+| Nullable field for always-required data | Clients must null-check everywhere | Mark `!` in schema; return error from resolver |
+
+## Deep Dives
+
+- **[gqlgen reference](./references/gqlgen.md)** — codegen workflow, `gqlgen.yml`, DataLoaders, Federation v2, directives
+- **[graphql-go reference](./references/graphql-go.md)** — reflection resolver model, type mapping, tracing
+- **[Testing](./references/testing.md)** — gqlgen client harness, gqltesting, httptest patterns
+
+## Cross-References
+
+- → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-context` skill for context propagation in resolvers and subscriptions
+- → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-error-handling` skill for error wrapping and sentinel patterns
+- → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-testing` skill for table-driven and integration test patterns
+- → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-observability` skill for tracing and metrics in resolvers
+- → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-security` skill for input validation and injection prevention
+- → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-database` skill for N+1 query patterns and DataLoader database batching
+
+## References
+
+- [gqlgen](https://github.com/99designs/gqlgen)
+- [graph-gophers/graphql-go](https://github.com/graph-gophers/graphql-go)
+- [Relay cursor connections spec](https://relay.dev/graphql/connections.htm)
+
+If you encounter a bug or unexpected behavior in gqlgen, open an issue at https://github.com/99designs/gqlgen/issues.
+
+If you encounter a bug or unexpected behavior in graph-gophers/graphql-go, open an issue at https://github.com/graph-gophers/graphql-go/issues.
diff --git a/skills/golang-graphql/evals/evals.json b/skills/golang-graphql/evals/evals.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..67f0339
--- /dev/null
+++ b/skills/golang-graphql/evals/evals.json
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+{
+  "skill_name": "golang-graphql",
+  "evals": [
+    {
+      "id": 1,
+      "prompt": "I have a gqlgen project with a User type and a Post type. Users have many posts. Write the Go resolver for User.posts. We fetch posts from a PostgreSQL database. The project is set up with a standard gqlgen layout.",
+      "expected_output": "A resolver that uses a per-request DataLoader (not direct DB calls) to batch-fetch posts by user IDs. Must NOT query the database directly inside the resolver. Must NOT use a global DataLoader. Should use context to access the per-request loader.",
+      "assertions": [
+        "Uses a DataLoader or batch loader to fetch posts, not a direct db.Query/QueryContext call inside the resolver method",
+        "Accesses the DataLoader from context (not a package-level or global variable)",
+        "The resolver function signature uses obj *model.User as a parameter to access the parent user's ID",
+        "Does not query the database directly inside the Posts resolver body",
+        "Mentions that the DataLoader must be injected per-request via HTTP middleware",
+        "DataLoader middleware creates a new loader instance per request, not a shared global"
+      ],
+      "files": []
+    },
+    {
+      "id": 2,
+      "prompt": "We have a graph-gophers/graphql-go project. I need to add a resolver that returns the total comment count for a post. The field is declared as `commentCount: Int!` in the SDL. Write the Go resolver method.",
+      "expected_output": "Resolver method using int32 (not int) as the return type for the Int! scalar field. Must use int32, since graph-gophers requires this specific type.",
+      "assertions": [
+        "Returns int32 (not int, int64, or uint) for the Int! scalar field",
+        "Method signature matches the SDL field name (case-insensitive: CommentCount or commentCount)",
+        "Does not return plain Go int — which causes a type mismatch at parse time with graph-gophers"
+      ],
+      "files": []
+    },
+    {
+      "id": 3,
+      "prompt": "Set up a production-ready gqlgen HTTP handler. The app will be deployed publicly. We need to make sure it's safe to expose.",
+      "expected_output": "Handler setup that gates introspection (disabled or ENV-checked in production) and adds a query complexity limit. Must not leave introspection unconditionally enabled.",
+      "assertions": [
+        "Introspection is gated — either disabled in production or guarded by an environment variable check",
+        "A complexity limit is set using extension.FixedComplexityLimit or equivalent",
+        "Does NOT call srv.Use(extension.Introspection{}) unconditionally without an env guard",
+        "Uses handler.New or handler.NewDefaultServer from github.com/99designs/gqlgen/handler",
+        "Mentions MaxDepth or complexity limiting as a protection against deeply nested queries"
+      ],
+      "files": []
+    },
+    {
+      "id": 4,
+      "prompt": "Implement a messageAdded subscription resolver in gqlgen. Messages are published via an in-memory pub/sub system. The resolver should stream new messages to subscribers in a given room.",
+      "expected_output": "Subscription resolver that closes the channel on context cancellation (defer close(ch) + ctx.Done() in a select). Must handle client disconnect to avoid goroutine leaks.",
+      "assertions": [
+        "Uses defer close(ch) to close the output channel when done",
+        "Uses a select statement with ctx.Done() to detect client disconnection",
+        "Returns a receive-only channel (<-chan *model.Message or similar)",
+        "Does not use a plain for-range loop without ctx.Done() check — this would cause a goroutine leak on disconnect",
+        "The goroutine terminates when ctx is cancelled"
+      ],
+      "files": []
+    },
+    {
+      "id": 5,
+      "prompt": "I'm using gqlgen and want to customize the User type to reuse my existing domain.User struct instead of having gqlgen generate a new one. The domain struct has an Email field. How do I configure this?",
+      "expected_output": "Uses autobind or models.<T>.model in gqlgen.yml to map the GraphQL User type to domain.User. Must NOT instruct editing models_gen.go directly.",
+      "assertions": [
+        "Uses gqlgen.yml configuration (autobind or models.<T>.model) to bind the existing struct",
+        "Does NOT suggest editing models_gen.go or generated.go directly",
+        "Shows the correct gqlgen.yml syntax for either autobind or models.<T>.model",
+        "Mentions that generated files are overwritten on next go generate"
+      ],
+      "files": []
+    },
+    {
+      "id": 6,
+      "prompt": "In a graph-gophers/graphql-go resolver, I need to return a user profile that includes a nullable bio field. The SDL has: bio: String. Write the Go struct field or return type for bio.",
+      "expected_output": "Uses *string (pointer to string) for the nullable String field. Non-pointer string would imply non-null in graph-gophers.",
+      "assertions": [
+        "Uses *string (pointer) for the nullable bio field, not plain string",
+        "Explains that non-pointer = non-null and pointer = nullable in graph-gophers type mapping",
+        "Does not use sql.NullString or other DB-specific nullable types for the GraphQL resolver layer"
+      ],
+      "files": []
+    },
+    {
+      "id": 7,
+      "prompt": "My gqlgen resolver calls a database function that can return sql.ErrNoRows or other database errors. Write the resolver for GetUser(id: ID!): User! that handles these cases correctly for clients.",
+      "expected_output": "Resolver wraps or transforms errors before returning them. Uses ErrorPresenter or gqlerror.Error with extensions code. Must NOT return raw sql.ErrNoRows to the client.",
+      "assertions": [
+        "Does NOT return raw sql.ErrNoRows or other internal errors directly to the client",
+        "Translates sql.ErrNoRows to a GraphQL error with a meaningful message or extension code (e.g. NOT_FOUND)",
+        "Uses gqlerror.Error or gqlerror.Errorf to format the client error",
+        "Mentions the ErrorPresenter as the right place to centralize error sanitization",
+        "Wraps internal errors so they don't expose SQL messages to API consumers"
+      ],
+      "files": []
+    },
+    {
+      "id": 8,
+      "prompt": "Design a GraphQL mutation for creating a user where the email is always required but the bio is optional. The mutation should handle validation errors gracefully without returning HTTP errors.",
+      "expected_output": "Uses a mutation envelope payload type with a user field and an errors field. Email is String! (non-null) in input; bio is String (nullable). Errors are returned in the payload, not as GraphQL top-level errors.",
+      "assertions": [
+        "Input type has email: String! (non-null) for required email",
+        "Input type has bio: String (nullable, no !) for optional bio",
+        "Mutation returns a payload envelope type with both user and errors fields",
+        "Validation errors are returned inside the payload errors field, not as GraphQL top-level errors",
+        "The payload errors field uses a non-null list type like [UserError!]! or similar",
+        "Does NOT use HTTP 400/422 errors for validation — uses the GraphQL payload pattern"
+      ],
+      "files": []
+    },
+    {
+      "id": 9,
+      "prompt": "Write a gqlgen subscription resolver for order status updates. Use an in-memory pub/sub broker. The resolver should subscribe to a topic named after the order ID and stream status events.",
+      "expected_output": "Resolver subscribes to the pub/sub topic ONCE before launching the goroutine, not inside the goroutine loop. The channel is closed when the context is cancelled.",
+      "assertions": [
+        "Calls the pub/sub Subscribe (or equivalent) method BEFORE the go func() call, not inside the goroutine",
+        "Does NOT call Subscribe() inside the for-select loop body (which would create a new subscription per iteration)",
+        "Uses defer close(ch) to signal iteration end",
+        "Uses select with ctx.Done() to handle client disconnect",
+        "The subscription/topic handle is captured in a variable before the goroutine starts"
+      ],
+      "files": []
+    },
+    {
+      "id": 10,
+      "prompt": "In a graph-gophers/graphql-go project, add a search query: `search(query: String!, first: Int, after: ID): [User!]!`. The first and after arguments are optional pagination parameters. Write the Go args struct for this resolver.",
+      "expected_output": "Uses *int32 (not *int or int32) for the nullable Int argument 'first', and graphql.ID (or *graphql.ID) for the after argument. Nullable args use pointer types.",
+      "assertions": [
+        "Uses *int32 (pointer to int32) for the optional 'first: Int' argument — NOT *int or int32",
+        "Uses graphql.ID or *graphql.ID for the 'after: ID' argument",
+        "Optional arguments are represented as pointers to allow nil (absent) values",
+        "Does NOT use plain int or *int for an Int field in graph-gophers"
+      ],
+      "files": []
+    },
+    {
+      "id": 11,
+      "prompt": "Write a dataloadgen batch function for a gqlgen project that fetches all posts for a list of user IDs. Each user can have zero or more posts.",
+      "expected_output": "Batch function returns [][]*domain.Post (a slice of post slices, one per user ID), not []*domain.Post. The outer slice length must match the input IDs length.",
+      "assertions": [
+        "Batch function return type is [][]*domain.Post (2D slice) or equivalent — NOT []*domain.Post",
+        "The outer slice has exactly one element per input user ID (same length as the ids parameter)",
+        "Handles users with zero posts by including an empty slice (not nil or missing entry)",
+        "Does NOT return a flat []*domain.Post that collapses all posts into one slice"
+      ],
+      "files": []
+    },
+    {
+      "id": 12,
+      "prompt": "Add OpenTelemetry tracing to a graph-gophers/graphql-go server. Show the import statement and the ParseSchema call with the tracer configured.",
+      "expected_output": "Uses github.com/graph-gophers/graphql-go/trace/otel import and otel.DefaultTracer() — not an external otelgraphql package. Passed as graphql.Tracer() option.",
+      "assertions": [
+        "Imports github.com/graph-gophers/graphql-go/trace/otel (the bundled tracer package)",
+        "Uses otel.DefaultTracer() to construct the tracer — NOT otelgraphql.DefaultTracer() or similar hallucinated package",
+        "Passes the tracer as graphql.Tracer(otel.DefaultTracer()) option to MustParseSchema or ParseSchema",
+        "Does NOT import an external third-party otelgraphql package that does not exist in graph-gophers"
+      ],
+      "files": []
+    },
+    {
+      "id": 13,
+      "prompt": "We're building a federated GraphQL system with gqlgen. The User service owns the User type and must be resolvable by its id field from other services. What configuration and code changes are needed?",
+      "expected_output": "Configures federation.version: 2 in gqlgen.yml, adds @key(fields: 'id') to the User schema type, and implements a FindUserByID entity resolver. Mentions Apollo Router or Cosmo as the gateway.",
+      "assertions": [
+        "Adds federation block with version: 2 to gqlgen.yml",
+        "Adds @key(fields: \"id\") directive to the User type in the SDL schema",
+        "Implements or mentions the FindUserByID entity resolver (generated by gqlgen's federation support)",
+        "Imports or links the Apollo Federation v2 spec URL in the schema extend block",
+        "Does NOT describe a manual federation approach without gqlgen.yml config"
+      ],
+      "files": []
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/skills/golang-graphql/references/gqlgen.md b/skills/golang-graphql/references/gqlgen.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1772736
--- /dev/null
+++ b/skills/golang-graphql/references/gqlgen.md
@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+# gqlgen Reference
+
+gqlgen is a schema-first, code-generation library. Write SDL, run `go generate`, fill in resolver bodies.
+
+## Project Setup
+
+```bash
+# Bootstrap a new project
+go run github.com/99designs/gqlgen init
+
+# Pin the tool in tools.go so go mod keeps it
+```
+
+```go
+//go:build tools
+// +build tools
+
+package tools
+
+import _ "github.com/99designs/gqlgen"
+```
+
+```bash
+# Regenerate after every schema change
+go run github.com/99designs/gqlgen generate
+```
+
+Never hand-edit generated files (`generated.go`, `models_gen.go`) — `generate` overwrites them.
+
+## gqlgen.yml
+
+```yaml
+schema:
+  - graph/schema/*.graphql
+
+exec:
+  filename: graph/generated.go
+  package: graph
+
+model:
+  filename: graph/model/models_gen.go
+  package: model
+
+resolver:
+  layout: follow-schema          # one resolvers file per schema file
+  dir: graph
+  package: graph
+  filename_template: "{name}.resolvers.go"
+
+autobind:
+  - github.com/me/app/internal/domain  # reuse existing structs
+
+models:
+  # ID: graphql.IntID  # legacy only — use opaque string IDs for new schemas
+  User:
+    model: github.com/me/app/internal/domain.User
+    fields:
+      posts:
+        resolver: true  # force a custom resolver (required for DataLoader fields)
+
+omit_slice_element_pointers: true
+struct_fields_always_pointers: false
+resolvers_always_return_pointers: true
+```
+
+Key knobs:
+
+- `autobind` — maps Go structs to GraphQL types; fields must match by name (case-insensitive)
+- `models.<T>.model` — override which Go type backs a GraphQL type
+- `fields.<f>.resolver: true` — force a custom resolver instead of struct field access; required for any field that should batch via DataLoader
+- `struct_fields_always_pointers` / `resolvers_always_return_pointers` — controls `*T` vs `T` in generated signatures; match your domain model conventions
+
+## Resolver Structure
+
+The generated `Config` holds a `Resolvers` field of the generated interface. You implement it:
+
+```go
+// graph/resolver.go — you own this file, not generated
+type Resolver struct {
+    db          *sql.DB
+    userService *service.UserService
+    loaders     *dataloaders.Loaders // injected per-request
+}
+```
+
+Per-type resolvers implement the generated interface split by GraphQL type:
+
+```go
+type queryResolver struct{ *Resolver }
+type mutationResolver struct{ *Resolver }
+type userResolver struct{ *Resolver }
+
+func (r *queryResolver) User(ctx context.Context, id string) (*model.User, error) { ... }
+func (r *userResolver) Posts(ctx context.Context, obj *model.User) ([]*model.Post, error) { ... }
+```
+
+`obj` is the parent object — the entry point for walking the graph.
+
+## DataLoaders (gqlgen)
+
+Use `github.com/vikstrous/dataloadgen` (generics, fast) or `github.com/graph-gophers/dataloader`:
+
+```go
+// Inject per-request via middleware
+func Middleware(db *sql.DB, next http.Handler) http.Handler {
+    return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+        loaders := &Loaders{
+            PostsByUserID: dataloadgen.NewLoader(func(ctx context.Context, ids []string) ([][]*domain.Post, []error) {
+                return batchPostsByUserID(ctx, db, ids) // returns one []Post per user ID
+            }, dataloadgen.WithWait(1*time.Millisecond)),
+        }
+        ctx := context.WithValue(r.Context(), loadersKey, loaders)
+        next.ServeHTTP(w, r.WithContext(ctx))
+    })
+}
+
+// Resolver uses the loader — never the DB directly
+func (r *userResolver) Posts(ctx context.Context, obj *model.User) ([]*model.Post, error) {
+    return loaders.For(ctx).PostsByUserID.Load(ctx, obj.ID)
+}
+```
+
+Set `wait` to 1–2ms — allows multiple concurrent resolvers to register keys before the batch fires.
+
+## Authentication Directives
+
+```graphql
+directive @hasRole(role: Role!) on FIELD_DEFINITION
+
+type Query {
+  adminStats: Stats! @hasRole(role: ADMIN)
+}
+```
+
+```go
+// Implement the directive function
+func HasRole(ctx context.Context, obj any, next graphql.Resolver, role model.Role) (any, error) {
+    user := auth.UserFromContext(ctx)
+    if user == nil || user.Role != role {
+        return nil, &gqlerror.Error{
+            Message:    "access denied",
+            Extensions: map[string]any{"code": "FORBIDDEN"},
+        }
+    }
+    return next(ctx)
+}
+
+// Register at server bootstrap
+c := generated.Config{
+    Resolvers: &graph.Resolver{...},
+    Directives: generated.DirectiveRoot{
+        HasRole: HasRole,
+    },
+}
+```
+
+## Middleware Hooks
+
+```go
+srv.AroundOperations(func(ctx context.Context, next graphql.OperationHandler) graphql.ResponseHandler {
+    // log operation name, add trace span
+    return next(ctx)
+})
+srv.AroundFields(func(ctx context.Context, next graphql.Resolver) (any, error) {
+    // per-field tracing, timing
+    return next(ctx)
+})
+```
+
+## Error Presenter
+
+```go
+srv.SetErrorPresenter(func(ctx context.Context, err error) *gqlerror.Error {
+    var gqlErr *gqlerror.Error
+    if errors.As(err, &gqlErr) {
+        return gqlErr
+    }
+    log.Ctx(ctx).Error("resolver error", "err", err)
+    return gqlerror.Errorf("internal server error")
+})
+
+srv.SetRecoverFunc(func(ctx context.Context, err any) error {
+    log.Ctx(ctx).Error("panic in resolver", "err", err)
+    return fmt.Errorf("internal server error")
+})
+```
+
+## Subscriptions
+
+```go
+srv.AddTransport(transport.Websocket{
+    KeepAlivePingInterval: 10 * time.Second,
+    Upgrader: websocket.Upgrader{
+        // Restrict to your own origin in production; true here is dev-only.
+        CheckOrigin: func(r *http.Request) bool {
+            return r.Header.Get("Origin") == "https://app.example.com"
+        },
+    },
+    InitFunc: func(ctx context.Context, initPayload transport.InitPayload) (context.Context, *transport.InitPayload, error) {
+        // auth at connection time
+        token := initPayload.Authorization()
+        user, err := validateToken(token)
+        if err != nil {
+            return ctx, nil, err
+        }
+        return context.WithValue(ctx, userKey, user), &initPayload, nil
+    },
+})
+```
+
+gqlgen supports both `graphql-ws` (legacy) and `graphql-transport-ws` (current) subprotocols.
+
+## File Uploads
+
+```go
+srv.AddTransport(transport.MultipartForm{
+    MaxUploadSize: 10 << 20, // 10 MB total
+    MaxMemory:     5 << 20,  // 5 MB in memory; rest spills to disk
+})
+```
+
+Schema:
+
+```graphql
+scalar Upload
+
+type Mutation {
+  uploadAvatar(file: Upload!): User!
+}
+```
+
+Resolver receives `graphql.Upload{File io.Reader, Filename string, Size int64, ContentType string}`.
+
+## Apollo Federation v2
+
+`gqlgen.yml`:
+
+```yaml
+federation:
+  filename: graph/federation.go
+  version: 2
+```
+
+Schema:
+
+```graphql
+extend schema
+  @link(url: "https://specs.apollo.dev/federation/v2.3", import: ["@key", "@shareable", "@external"])
+
+type User @key(fields: "id") {
+  id: ID!
+  name: String!
+}
+```
+
+Implement `FindUserByID` in the generated entity resolver. Works with Apollo Router and Cosmo.
+
+## Production Handler Setup
+
+```go
+srv := handler.New(es)
+srv.AddTransport(transport.Options{})
+srv.AddTransport(transport.GET{})
+srv.AddTransport(transport.POST{})
+srv.AddTransport(transport.MultipartForm{MaxUploadSize: 10 << 20, MaxMemory: 5 << 20})
+srv.AddTransport(transport.Websocket{KeepAlivePingInterval: 10 * time.Second})
+
+srv.SetQueryCache(lru.New[*ast.QueryDocument](1000))
+if os.Getenv("ENV") != "production" {
+    srv.Use(extension.Introspection{})
+}
+srv.Use(extension.AutomaticPersistedQuery{Cache: lru.New[string](100)})
+srv.Use(extension.FixedComplexityLimit(200))
+```
diff --git a/skills/golang-graphql/references/graphql-go.md b/skills/golang-graphql/references/graphql-go.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a98bfab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/skills/golang-graphql/references/graphql-go.md
@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+# graph-gophers/graphql-go Reference
+
+Schema-first, reflection-based — no codegen. Write SDL, bind Go resolver structs. Parse-time validation gives a fail-fast contract.
+
+## Setup
+
+```go
+import (
+    "github.com/graph-gophers/graphql-go"
+    "github.com/graph-gophers/graphql-go/relay"
+    "github.com/graph-gophers/graphql-go/trace/otel"
+)
+
+schema := graphql.MustParseSchema(sdlString, &RootResolver{},
+    graphql.MaxDepth(10),
+    graphql.MaxParallelism(10),
+    graphql.UseFieldResolvers(), // expose exported struct fields without explicit methods
+    graphql.Tracer(otel.DefaultTracer()),
+)
+
+http.Handle("/graphql", &relay.Handler{Schema: schema})
+```
+
+`MustParseSchema` panics on invalid SDL or resolver mismatch — catch it at startup, not at request time.
+
+## Resolver Structure
+
+One exported method per schema field; name match is case-insensitive:
+
+```go
+type RootResolver struct {
+    db *sql.DB
+}
+
+type QueryResolver struct {
+    db *sql.DB
+}
+
+func (r *RootResolver) Query() *QueryResolver { return &QueryResolver{db: r.db} }
+
+// Args struct for field arguments
+func (r *QueryResolver) User(ctx context.Context, args struct{ ID graphql.ID }) (*UserResolver, error) {
+    user, err := r.db.GetUser(ctx, string(args.ID))
+    if err != nil {
+        return nil, err
+    }
+    return &UserResolver{user: user}, nil
+}
+```
+
+Return resolver wrapper structs, not domain models directly — keeps GraphQL projection separate from persistence.
+
+## Type Mapping
+
+| GraphQL type | Go type | Notes |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| `ID` | `graphql.ID` | string alias |
+| `Int` | `int32` | **NOT `int`** — mismatch is a parse-time error |
+| `Float` | `float64` | |
+| `String` | `string` | |
+| `Boolean` | `bool` | |
+| `[T]` | `[]*T` or `[]T` | |
+| Nullable `T` | `*T` | pointer = nullable |
+| Non-null `T!` | `T` | non-pointer |
+| Custom scalar | implement `UnmarshalGraphQL(input any) error` + `MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error)` | |
+| Enum | typed string alias | |
+| Input | exported struct with field tags optional | |
+| Interface/Union | Go interface returned; `ToConcreteType() (*T, bool)` discriminators | |
+
+Common mistake: using `int` for an `Int!` field — the parser rejects it with a type mismatch error.
+
+## Nullable vs Non-null Arguments
+
+```go
+// ✓ Good — pointer arg = nullable in schema
+func (r *QueryResolver) Users(ctx context.Context, args struct {
+    Role *string // nullable: Role in SDL
+    Limit int32  // non-null: Limit! in SDL
+}) ([]*UserResolver, error) { ... }
+```
+
+Forgetting `*` on a nullable argument causes unmarshal failure when clients send `null`.
+
+## Custom Scalar
+
+```go
+type DateTime struct{ time.Time }
+
+func (d *DateTime) UnmarshalGraphQL(input any) error {
+    s, ok := input.(string)
+    if !ok {
+        return fmt.Errorf("DateTime must be a string")
+    }
+    t, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, s)
+    if err != nil {
+        return err
+    }
+    d.Time = t
+    return nil
+}
+
+func (d DateTime) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+    return json.Marshal(d.Time.Format(time.RFC3339))
+}
+```
+
+## Interfaces and Unions
+
+```graphql
+interface Node { id: ID! }
+union SearchResult = User | Post
+```
+
+```go
+// Interface — implement ToUser, ToPost discriminators
+type SearchResultResolver struct{ result any }
+
+func (r *SearchResultResolver) ToUser() (*UserResolver, bool) {
+    u, ok := r.result.(*domain.User)
+    return &UserResolver{u}, ok
+}
+
+func (r *SearchResultResolver) ToPost() (*PostResolver, bool) {
+    p, ok := r.result.(*domain.Post)
+    return &PostResolver{p}, ok
+}
+```
+
+## DataLoaders
+
+Use `github.com/graph-gophers/dataloader` per-request:
+
+```go
+func DataLoaderMiddleware(db *sql.DB, next http.Handler) http.Handler {
+    return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+        loader := dataloader.NewBatchedLoader(func(ctx context.Context, keys dataloader.Keys) []*dataloader.Result {
+            ids := make([]string, len(keys))
+            for i, k := range keys {
+                ids[i] = k.String()
+            }
+            posts, err := batchPostsByUserID(ctx, db, ids)
+            // map results back to keys order ...
+            return results
+        })
+        ctx := context.WithValue(r.Context(), postsLoaderKey, loader)
+        next.ServeHTTP(w, r.WithContext(ctx))
+    })
+}
+
+// In resolver
+func (r *UserResolver) Posts(ctx context.Context) ([]*PostResolver, error) {
+    thunk := ctx.Value(postsLoaderKey).(*dataloader.Loader).Load(ctx, dataloader.StringKey(r.user.ID))
+    result, err := thunk()
+    // ...
+}
+```
+
+## Error Handling
+
+Implement `ResolverError` to attach structured extensions:
+
+```go
+type ResolverError interface {
+    error
+    Extensions() map[string]any
+}
+
+type AppError struct {
+    msg  string
+    code string
+}
+
+func (e *AppError) Error() string { return e.msg }
+func (e *AppError) Extensions() map[string]any {
+    return map[string]any{"code": e.code}
+}
+
+// Usage in resolver
+return nil, &AppError{msg: "user not found", code: "NOT_FOUND"}
+```
+
+Panics in resolvers are caught automatically and converted to GraphQL errors.
+
+## OpenTelemetry Tracing
+
+```go
+import "github.com/graph-gophers/graphql-go/trace/otel"
+
+schema := graphql.MustParseSchema(sdl, &RootResolver{},
+    graphql.Tracer(otel.DefaultTracer()),
+)
+```
+
+Emits spans per request, validation, and field resolution with operation name and field path.
+
+## Subscriptions
+
+```go
+func (r *SubscriptionResolver) MessageAdded(ctx context.Context, args struct{ Room string }) <-chan *MessageResolver {
+    ch := make(chan *MessageResolver, 1)
+    go func() {
+        defer close(ch)
+        sub := r.pubsub.Subscribe(args.Room)
+        defer sub.Unsubscribe()
+        for {
+            select {
+            case <-ctx.Done():
+                return
+            case msg := <-sub.Chan():
+                ch <- &MessageResolver{msg: msg}
+            }
+        }
+    }()
+    return ch
+}
+```
+
+WebSocket transport is not bundled — pair with `gorilla/websocket` or use the relay handler with a WebSocket-aware mux.
+
+## Disabling Introspection
+
+```go
+schema := graphql.MustParseSchema(sdl, &RootResolver{},
+    graphql.DisableIntrospection(),
+)
+```
+
+## Testing
+
+Use `gqltesting.RunTests`:
+
+```go
+func TestUser(t *testing.T) {
+    gqltesting.RunTests(t, []*gqltesting.Test{
+        {
+            Schema: schema,
+            Query: `{ user(id: "1") { name email } }`,
+            ExpectedResult: `{ "user": { "name": "Alice", "email": "alice@example.com" } }`,
+        },
+    })
+}
+```
+
+For HTTP-level tests, drive `relay.Handler` with `httptest.NewRecorder()`.
+
+## graph-gophers vs gqlgen Summary
+
+| Concern | graph-gophers | gqlgen |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| Type safety | Parse-time reflection | Compile-time codegen |
+| Build complexity | None | `go generate` step |
+| Performance | Slower (reflection) | Faster (static dispatch) |
+| Federation | Manual | First-class (v2) |
+| File uploads | Manual | Built-in MultipartForm |
+| Best for | Small/medium schemas | Large schemas, strict teams |
diff --git a/skills/golang-graphql/references/testing.md b/skills/golang-graphql/references/testing.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b4a3ed8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/skills/golang-graphql/references/testing.md
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+# Testing GraphQL in Go
+
+## gqlgen — Client Harness
+
+The `github.com/99designs/gqlgen/client` package drives the full stack (directives, middleware, resolvers) via an `http.Handler`:
+
+```go
+func TestCreateUser(t *testing.T) {
+    // Build the full handler with real dependencies (use a test DB)
+    srv := handler.NewDefaultServer(graph.NewExecutableSchema(graph.Config{
+        Resolvers: &graph.Resolver{
+            DB: testDB,
+        },
+    }))
+
+    c := client.New(srv)
+
+    var resp struct {
+        CreateUser struct {
+            User struct {
+                ID    string
+                Email string
+            }
+            Errors []struct{ Message string }
+        }
+    }
+
+    c.MustPost(`
+        mutation CreateUser($email: String!, $name: String!) {
+            createUser(input: {email: $email, name: $name}) {
+                user { id email }
+                errors { message }
+            }
+        }
+    `, &resp,
+        client.Var("email", "alice@example.com"),
+        client.Var("name", "Alice"),
+        client.AddHeader("Authorization", "Bearer test-token"),
+    )
+
+    require.Empty(t, resp.CreateUser.Errors)
+    require.Equal(t, "alice@example.com", resp.CreateUser.User.Email)
+}
+```
+
+For unit testing individual resolvers, call resolver methods directly with a constructed `Resolver` and a real `context.Context` — no HTTP overhead.
+
+## gqlgen — Testing with DataLoaders
+
+Wrap the test server with the DataLoader middleware so resolver tests exercise the full batching path:
+
+```go
+srv := handler.NewDefaultServer(es)
+h := dataloaders.Middleware(testDB, srv)
+
+c := client.New(h)
+```
+
+## gqlgen — Testing Subscriptions
+
+Use `client.Subscription` to test subscription resolvers:
+
+```go
+sub := c.Subscription(`subscription { messageAdded(room: "general") { content } }`)
+defer sub.Close()
+
+// Trigger an event
+publishMessage("general", "hello")
+
+var event struct{ MessageAdded struct{ Content string } }
+err := sub.Next(&event)
+require.NoError(t, err)
+require.Equal(t, "hello", event.MessageAdded.Content)
+```
+
+## graph-gophers — gqltesting
+
+```go
+func TestUser(t *testing.T) {
+    gqltesting.RunTests(t, []*gqltesting.Test{
+        {
+            Schema: schema,
+            Query: `{ user(id: "1") { name email } }`,
+            ExpectedResult: `{"user":{"name":"Alice","email":"alice@example.com"}}`,
+        },
+        {
+            Schema:        schema,
+            Query:         `{ user(id: "999") { name } }`,
+            ExpectedErrors: []*gqlerrors.QueryError{
+                {Message: "user not found", Extensions: map[string]any{"code": "NOT_FOUND"}},
+            },
+        },
+    })
+}
+```
+
+For HTTP-level tests:
+
+```go
+func TestRelayHandler(t *testing.T) {
+    body := `{"query":"{ user(id: \"1\") { name } }"}`
+    req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/graphql", strings.NewReader(body))
+    req.Header.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+    w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+
+    relay.Handler{Schema: schema}.ServeHTTP(w, req)
+
+    require.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+    require.Contains(t, w.Body.String(), `"Alice"`)
+}
+```
+
+## Testing Error Handling
+
+Verify error extensions reach the client:
+
+```go
+var resp struct {
+    Errors []struct {
+        Message    string
+        Extensions struct{ Code string }
+    }
+}
+c.Post(`{ user(id: "999") { name } }`, &resp)
+require.Equal(t, "NOT_FOUND", resp.Errors[0].Extensions.Code)
+```
+
+## Testing Auth Directives (gqlgen)
+
+Test the directive function directly:
+
+```go
+func TestHasRoleDirective(t *testing.T) {
+    ctx := context.WithValue(context.Background(), userKey, &domain.User{Role: "USER"})
+    _, err := HasRole(ctx, nil, func(ctx context.Context) (any, error) {
+        return "ok", nil
+    }, model.RoleAdmin)
+    require.Error(t, err)
+
+    var gqlErr *gqlerror.Error
+    require.True(t, errors.As(err, &gqlErr))
+    require.Equal(t, "FORBIDDEN", gqlErr.Extensions["code"])
+}
+```
+
+## Table-Driven Tests
+
+```go
+func TestUserQueries(t *testing.T) {
+    tests := []struct {
+        name     string
+        query    string
+        vars     map[string]any
+        wantCode string
+        wantName string
+    }{
+        {"existing user", `query($id:ID!){user(id:$id){name}}`, map[string]any{"id": "1"}, "", "Alice"},
+        {"missing user", `query($id:ID!){user(id:$id){name}}`, map[string]any{"id": "999"}, "NOT_FOUND", ""},
+    }
+
+    for _, tt := range tests {
+        t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+            var resp struct {
+                User   *struct{ Name string }
+                Errors []struct {
+                    Extensions struct{ Code string }
+                }
+            }
+            c.Post(tt.query, &resp, client.Var("id", tt.vars["id"]))
+            if tt.wantCode != "" {
+                require.Equal(t, tt.wantCode, resp.Errors[0].Extensions.Code)
+            } else {
+                require.Equal(t, tt.wantName, resp.User.Name)
+            }
+        })
+    }
+}
+```
+
+For testing patterns across the codebase, see the `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-testing` skill.